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August 25, 2003

HOME > ARTICLES > BARCODES


Unlocking the Mystery of Barcodes

Modern Barcoding technology is everywhere the eye can see. However, can the human eye 'see' barcodes? Probably not. In fact, even with a guide, many barcodes can not at all or not easily be decoded by hand. Nonetheless we see barcode use in every industry including: Grocers, Pharmacies, Transportation, Manufacturing, and (of course) direct mailers.

This article will show barcode's historical time-line, glossary, and usage guide:

  1. Time-line
  2. Glossary
  3. Usage
  4. The Future of Barcodes

   




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Barcode Glossary

= Best, Northwest Recommends    = proprietary

Characters
Name Picture Description
OCR-A Code O.ptical C.haracter R.ecognition, when scanned is transferred into numbers. The OCR-A code is the easiest character set to decode. Once decoded, this information can allow matching and even intelligent inserting or bindery in the direct mail industry.
United States Postal Service, 1965
MICR checks M.agnetic I.nk C.haracter R.ecognition is the accepted method for encoding bank checks. The MICR codes are interpreted by unique magnetic waves the characters produce instead of the optical properties.
Stanford University and Bank of America

Linear Barcodes
Name Picture Description
2of5 Interleave Interleaved 2 of 5 (often seen as I25) represents characters by the arrangement of two wide bars in a total 5 bars, which gives 10 combinations. By arranging the spaces in a similar way pairs of digits can be coded. This code will only encode numeric data (i.e. numeric characters 0-9). Although it is a slightly more compact barcode than Code 39 (a print density of 9 digits per inch compared to code 39 s 10 digits per inch) it is not considered as secure.
ref: O Neil Software, Inc.
2of5 Industrial Industrial Code 2 of 5 barcode is a low density numeric barcode that does not require a checksum.
CodaBar A numeric-only bar code type, in which each character is composed of seven elements: four bars and three spaces. CODABAR is currently used in a variety of applications such as libraries, medicine, and overnight package delivery. Also known as USD-4 code, NW-7, and 2 of 7 code, it was originally developed for retail price-labeling use.
ref: CYBRA
Code 11 Code 11 barcode is a high density numeric barcode. Code 11 is a higher density barcode and requires a checksum to be calculated.
Code 128A Code 128 represents characters by the arrangement of 3 bars and 3 spaces with each bar or space being 1,2,3 or 4 elements wide. Each character always finishes up 11 elements wide. The only exception to this is the stop code. There are 107 characters including 11 special characters which are interpreted as start, stop, code select and function characters. There are 3 code sub-sets: A,B & C. Switching, by means of the code select characters, between A and B enables any ASCII character, upper or lower case, to be coded. A much longer barcode at 14.5 digits per inch can create problems as print tolerances are tight and so it is only recommended where a high standard of print quality is achievable.
ref: O Neil Software, Inc.
Code 128B
Code 128C C gives only numeric pairs.
Code 39 Code 39 (often referred to as 3 of 9) was developed in 1974 by Intermec for applications requiring an alphanumeric code. Widely adopted by public offices, the parcels industry and the retail sector, it is now the most used amongst the industrial codes. It allows for the coding of 43 characters (i.e. alphabetic, numeric and 8 additional characters) including a character reserved for use as a start/stop character. Each character consists of 5 bars and 4 spaces. 3 of the 9 bars/spaces (elements) are wide, hence the name. The reasons for its popularity are its ability to code alphanumeric data, its reliability and ability to be easily printed. There is a measure of self checking within characters but security rapidly degenerates with poor quality printing.
ref: O Neil Software, Inc.
Code 93 Ext. Code 93 barcode was designed to provide a barcode with higher density and higher security than the Code 39 barcode. Code 93 is a higher density barcode and it requires two checksums to be calculated.
PostNet POSTNET (POSTal Numeric Encoding Technique) barcode font is a special font developed by the U. S. Post Office to encode zip code information. POSTNET bar codes on US mail improves the speed, accuracy and delivery of mail. Some US Post Offices also offer a discount for sending bulk mail when you use the POSTNET barcode on US mail.
USPS
Planet The PLANET Barcode's symbology is the same as POSTNET except tall strokes are short and short are tall. These barcodes are required by the US Post Office to use their new CONFIRM service. CONFIRM provides confirmation that customers received the mail, allowing mailers to synchronize telemarketing programs with direct mail campaigns or augment other advertising media with their mailings. Northwest Mailing offers a portal to this reports through Plant Track.
USPS
FIM Codes FIM (Facing Identification Mark) font is a special font used by the US Post Office to separate business reply mail from other mail.

A = Courtesy Reply Mail with pre-printed POSTNET,
B = Business Reply Mail without POSTNET,
C = Business Reply Mail with POSTNET,
D = OCR mail without pre-printed POSTNET
USPS
OMR (GBR) OMR (Optical Mark Reading) is the process to detect the presence of intended marked responses. A mark or response position as it is often called, registers significantly less light than the surrounding paper. These GBR marks can be used on the edge of a page in order to indicate the beginning and end of collated sets.
Xerox
UPC 12 Universal Product Code. The standard bar code type for retail products in the United States.
ref: CYBRA
EAN 13 European Article Numbering system. The international standard bar code for retail food packages. The EAN-13 bar code type has 12 data characters, one more data character than the UPC-A code. An EAN-13 symbol contains the same number of bars as the UPC-A but encodes a 13th digit into a parity pattern of the left-hand six digits. This 13th digit, in combination with the 12th digit, represents a country code. The JAN-13 (Japanese Article Numbering system) is a special application of EAN-13.
ref: CYBRA
ISBN The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a 10-digit system allowing publishers, libraries, and book dealers to identify books. Each ISBN is unique to a specific book. The ISBN is typically found over the bar code on the book's back cover as in the example below and on the title or copyright page.
ref: BooksValue

2-D Barcodes
Name Picture Description
3-DI 3-DI uses small circular symbols. It is most suited for identification marks on shiny, curved metal surfaces such as surgical instruments.
Lynn Ltd., 912 North Main Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Code 16K Structure of 16K is based on Code 128. 128^2 (128 squared) = 16,000
Ted Williams in 1989
Code 49 Two to Eight linear barcode stacked on top of each other with a quite zone in front.
David Allais in 1987 at the Intermec Corporation Everett, WA
Arraytag Elemental hexagonal symbols. Can be read from 50 meters. Primarily used in lumber.
Dr. Warren D. Little of the University of Victoria
Aztec smallest 15x15 modules square, and the largest is 151x151. Use for ease of printing and ease of decoding.
Andy Longacre of Welch Allyn Inc. in 1995
Code1 Earliest public domain matrix symbology. 8 sizes. Smallest (1A) can hold 13 characters. Largest (1H) 2218 alphanumeric characters.
Ted Williams in 1992
3CP Code Square matrix symbols with an L-shaped peripheral Finder and adjacent timing marks.
CP Tron, Inc. El Cerrito, CA
Data Matrix Holds a lot of information in small space (1-500 characters). Dot pattern is in absolute pattern relative to the solid bars on the left and bottom sides. Can be scaled from 1mil. to 14 inch.. Barcode symbology has redundancy features allowing full scan even if parts are missing.
CIMatrix Nashua, NH and Uniform Symbol Specification - Datamatrix AIM, Inc
Dot Code A Dot space range from 6 x 6, to 12 x 12. Originated from low-resolution printing.
DataGlyphs Can be hidden in graphics or printed on unusual surfaces. 1000 8-bit "bytes" per square inch. Contain error correction.
Xerox PARC
MaxiCode (UPSCode) 1-inch by 1-inch array of 866 interlocking hexagons. Holds 100 ASCII character. Requires high resolution digital printing (thermal or laser).
United Parcel Service (UPS) in 1992 Danbury, CT
MiniCode Dual-resolution dependent Barcode.
Omniplanar Princeton, NJ
pdf417 P.ortable D.ata. F.ormat. Contains 4 bars within 17 moduals. Holds 1000 to 2000 characters. Each barcode had start and stop lines on left and right sides.
Ynjiun Wang in 1991 at Symbol Technologies
QR Code Q.uick R.esponse C.ode. Maximum symbol size is 177 modules square, capable of encoding 7366 numeric characters, or 4464 alpha numeric characters. Capable of holding double byte characters (Japanese Kanji and Kana characters).
Nippondenso ID Systems Southfield, Michigan
Snowflake Code 100 numeric digits in a space of only 5mm x 5mm.
Electronic Automation Ltd. in 1981. Electronic Automation Ltd. was acquired in March 1999 by Videojet Systems International Inc., a division of Marconi Data Systems Inc.
Datastrip Code Data strips are typically up to 5/8 inch wide and up to 9 inches long. Data density can vary from 150 to 1,000 bytes per square inch.
Datastrip Thame, UK
SuperCode Supports non-rectangular and non-butting shapes. Lowest level of error correction is 4,083 alphanumeric data characters, 5,102 digits, or 2,546 bytes
SuperCode was invented by Ynjiun Wang in 1994
Ultra Monochrome(dark/light) or 8 multicolored (typically white, red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow and black). Specially suited for low linear precision because of non-critical columns and variable widths.
Zebra Technologies
2-D section images and excerpts from Russ Adams
   


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Barcode Usage Example Guide

In order to use the proper barcode with a specific application, it is best to get intimate with the barcodes listed above. Especially those with the check . This indicates the barcodes Northwest Mailing Service uses on a regular basis. Through about 50 years of trial and error we are best fit to serve any application.

Step 1. Pinpoint Applications:

Here are some made-up examples programs where barcodes are used:

  • Transactional: Monthly mailing of phone bill.:
  • Check Printing: Weekly mailing for Logistics Audit and Pay.
  • Advertising: New store opening on your block mailing.
  • Membership Program: Music R' Us membership plan program.
  • Incentive Program: Employee loyalty Rewards.
  • Product Fulfillment: Replacement China Catalog.
  • Point-of-Purchase: RadioHuts video game kit.
  • Trade Show Marketing: Point Conference Center registration.

A 'Take a step back' approach to the initial design of a program is useful when diagraming the flow of information. For example, take the Point Conference Center Marketing Piece. You want to send the person information concerning their registrations to the show. Furthermore, you would like when they get to the show that they let you know that they have paid and are ok to enter the store. When they travel from booth to booth it would also be helpful to see where they went. After, the show it may be helpful to hear how it went.

Step 2. Describe Elements:

Each of these programs have elements or pieces to be produced. Take each piece and describe what role it plays.

Transactional:

  • 2-6 page invoice
  • close-face envelope
  • Product Ad Flyer

Check Printing:

  • Check and Invoice

Advertising:

  • Product Announcement
  • Coupon
  • BRC

Membership Program:

  • Welcome Message
  • Membership Card

Incentive Program:

  • Status Summary
  • Incentive Goal Flyer
  • Redeem Incentive Coupon
  • Incentive Cards

Product Fulfillment:

  • Order Form
  • BRE

Point-of-Purchase:

  • Display Ad
  • Tear-One Pads

Trade Show Marketing:

  • Show Entry Card
  • Booth listing
  • BRC

Barcodes can already be useful at this point. Each mailed piece can require a PostNet . To further reporting features a Planet may be added as well. All of the BRE (Business Reply Cards) and BRE (Business Reply Envelopes) require also FIM .

More standard barcodes that already can come into play are OCR , which can tie multiple pieces together into one envelope (even close faced) and OMR allowing the collation of several pieces (like in the case of the invoice).

Step 3. Further Define Single Pieces:

Printablility, Legibility and life-span all place different demands on barcodes. One Barcode may speaker clearer to one requirement than the other. Lets look at some single pieces:

Checks and Invoices are require to be read by the agreed system used in Banks. Therefore MICR barcodes with magnetic properties are required:.

Coupons must be read quickly are effectively. Usually a single user and promotion unique string on numbers can be encoded in the Code 39 (more secure) or the Code 2of5 .

POP items or listings should contain the UPC code:

All of these examples so far are linear barcodes which contain a small string of characters. Typically, systems that use these barcodes must lookup information in a single location (usually a server). What happens when the life span of a barcode is long? It is possible to encode a larger amount of data into 2-D barcodes. Here is the PDF417

Membership or Registry Cards can contain the PDF417 barcode in order to hold all of the user information on one barcode. This is a great way to make this information more portable. As far as life span goes, if part of the barcode is damaged it can still be read because the information is redundent within Barcode. When a different System scans these barcodes this system can be programmed to take only the information needed at that location.

   


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What lies ahead in the future of Barcodes

Many people do not like the appearance of barcodes. In fact, most wish they would go away completely. However, they are popping up everywhere these days. The fact, it remains that barcode are an exstreamly useful way to keep track of things. This may seam surprising to some, but they will be going soon.

Gone!? Where are they going. Northwest is currently researching several technics used in order to reduce barcode usage--or at least make barcode usage less apparent. The best immediatly available is by making barcode more meaningful and useful. This happening naturally as digital printing is being integrated into more Direct Mail products. Where there is digital printing, Barcodes and control marks can more easily and effectively be added. This effective use instead of careless and use is actually reducing the necessity to use a lot of barcodes.

But Gone!? With this digital equipment printing at higher resolutions and improvements in scanners, barcodes dependent on relationships between other pieces of themselves become smaller with more information-- resolutions independent this is called in dynamic graphic creation. Barcodes such as Xerox's Data Glyphs can be hidden entirely within graphics:

(Ref: Xerox:PARC)

Smaller yes, but Gone? The next step is to make these marks invisible to the human eye. Control marks are already being created that are invisible to the human eyes. They are sprayed on and can only be read under black-lights. Another step that will make barcodes invisible will be using radio waves instead of optics to encode pieces of paper with data.

Well, untill they are gone, barcode experts like Northwest Mailing Service will be around to lead you throught the process.

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